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Information Sources:
Thematically Organised
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This page contains a thematically organised set of links and references,
and includes the listing of printed works that are not mentioned elsewhere
in the Information Sources section. For items that we
believe do not exist on the web, we have endeavoured to provide a short
description of the content of the work. Please let
us know if you have suggestions for additions, annotations or improvements
to this page. The themes listed below are:
General works on economic sanctions on Iraq
The Humanitarian Impact of Sanctions
The Iraqi Economy
The Debate over "Smart sanctions"
The Oil-for-Food Programme
Security Council policy on Iraq and the Sanctions Committee
The International Law of Sanctions
Modern Iraqi history and politics
Analyses of the general use and other applications of
economic sanctions
US policy towards Iraq since 1991
Iraq's relations with other States since 1991
The Iraqi military and disarmament
The Iraqi opposition movements and the Kurdish region
Depleted Uranium Poisoning and "Gulf War Syndrome"
Assessments on the economic and humanitarian
consequences of war
Polls of public opinion in Iraq
General works on economic sanctions on Iraq
- Arnove, Anthony (ed.), Iraq Under Siege: the Deadly Impact of
Sanctions and War (South End Press, 2000)
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- Campaign Against Sanctions on Iraq, Sanctions on Iraq: background,
consequences & strategies (Barque Press, 2000)
Proceedings from international conference held in Cambridge in November
1999.
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online
- Cockburn, Andrew and Patrick Cockburn, Out Of The Ashes: The
Resurrection of Saddam Hussein (HarperCollins, 1999)
Traces the rise and decline of Iraq from the colonial period to the
modern day, with particular focus on how Saddam Hussein has stayed in
power and the mistakes made by Western governments in dealing with him.
The book makes the compelling case that sanctions have only strengthened
Saddam Hussein, and that Iraqi civilians have suffered terribly as a
consequence of the West's mistakes.
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- Graham-Brown, Sarah, Sanctioning Saddam: The Politics of Intervention
in Iraq (London: I.B.Tauris, 1999)
Focuses on international aid to the Iraqi population, suffering under
economic sanctions, as well as other forms of Western interventions
into Iraq in recent years.
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- Shehabaldin, Ahmed and William M.Laughlin, Jr., "Economic Sanctions
Against Iraq: Human and Economic Costs", The International Journal
Of Human Rights, vol.3:4 (Winter 1999), pp.1-18. An abstract of
this article is available here.
- Cortright, David and George A. Lopez, "On Sanctions Against
Iraq", Journal Of International Affairs, vol.52:2, (Spring 1999),
pp.735-755.
- Simons, Geoffrey Leslie, The Scourging of Iraq: sanctions, law
and natural justice , 2nd edn (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1998)
Comprehensive book on the sanctions, it contains much useful information
and includes appendices of relevant Security Council Resolutions and
other documents.
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- Skinner, Margarita, Between Despair and Hope, Windows on my
Middle East Journey: 1967-1992 (London: Radcliffe Press, 1998)
The author was UNICEF's Health Coordinator in Baghdad 1991-1992. Chapter
8 and the epilogue of this book relate to her experiences in Iraq, arguing
that sanctions are a war crime.
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- Center for Economic and Social Rights, UNsanctioned
Suffering (1996)
Influential report on the humanitarian crisis in Iraq, by an international
team of 24 health experts, lawyers and economists who visited Iraq in
1996. Details a collapsed economy, crippled health and sanitation infrastructure,
and a largely ineffective oil-for-food scheme. Questions the legality
of the economic sanctions regime, and makes specific recommendations
to the Security Council.
- Clark, Ramsey (ed.), The Impact of Sanctions on Iraq: the children
are dying (World View Forum, 1996)
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Center
- Skinner, Roy, Jerusalem to Baghdad 1967 - 1992, Selected Letters
(London: Radcliffe Press, 1995)
The author worked with UNICEF Iraq (1991) and with the Department of
Humanitarian Affairs Iraq (1992), and his experiences are related in
Chapter 10 and part of Chapter 11 of this book. Excerpts of his letters
reveal the horrific impact of the sanctions and the struggles of the
humanitarian missions to provide care for the sick and dying.
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- Hoskins, Eric, "The Truth Behind Economic Sanctions", in Ramsey
Clark et al., War Crimes: A Report on United States War Crimes against
Iraq (Washington, D.C: Maisonneuve Press, 1992)
Eric Hoskins was the Medical Coordinator for the Gulf Peace Team which
carried out an extensive health assessment in Iraq during 1991. He describes
the humanitarian crisis in Iraq and discusses how the theoretical exemption
of medical and food supplies from sanctions was not being applied in
practice.
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The Humanitarian Impact of Sanctions
- The United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF)
- UNICEF press release (21 November 2002) -
Malnutrition down by half among Iraqi children
- The
Situation of Children and Women in South and Central Iraq -
a summary.
- The
Situation of Children and Women in Northern Iraq - a summary.
- Iraq: Donor
Update (11 July 2001) - brief reports on entrenched malnutrition,
high rates of child illness (especially diarrhoea), the education
crisis, the decline in water and sanitation facilities, and the
lack of safe water for half of the rural population.
- Iraq: Donor
Update (8 August 2000) - summarises the findings of the 1999
child mortality survey (see below) and explains the underfunding
of Unicef's programmes in the country.
- 1999
Iraq Child and Maternal Mortality Surveys (12 August 1999)
Pointing to a humanitarian emergency in south and central Iraq,
these detailed reports - the first such reports concentrating exclusively
on child and maternal mortality since 1991 - have greatly helped
to shift the whole debate on Iraq towards the suffering of the Iraqi
people.
- Situation Analysis of Children
and Women in Iraq - 1997 (April 1998)
Examines the extent to which child rights are being protected in
Iraq, focusing especially on malnutrition, education, health, water
supply and gender equity. It catalogues the way in which these have
deteriorated since the imposition of sanctions, with no real improvement
under oil-for-food.
- Nutritional status survey of October and November 1997
Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS) carried out by Unicef
and the Iraqi Ministry of Health reveals almost a million Iraqi
children to be malnourished, a third of Iraq's children. Little
difference between rural and urban areas is found.
- Further UNICEF sources are linked to by CASI from here.
- The World Health Organisation (WHO)
- "Health Situation
in Iraq", a paper presented by Dr W. Kreisel, Executive Director
of the WHO Office of the European Union, Brussels, 26 February 2001.
A short paper on the changing health situation in Iraqis since 1990.
- Situation
Report on health in Iraq, in MS Word format (24 November
2000). Note however: "The opinions expressed do not necessarily
reflect official WHO policy".
- Baseline
Health Information - Iraq (01 December 2000).
- "Iraqi
Health System Close to Collapse" (27 February 1997).
- The
Health Conditions of the Population in Iraq since the Gulf Crisis
(March 1996)
Compares pre- & post-war health, looking at child malnutrition,
maternal and child health, the malaria epidemic, and other infectious
diseases. Also reviews other effects of sanctions, including the
impact on GNP and the food situation. Directly attributes the severe
nutritional and health problems to sanctions.
- Save the Children
Fund UK
- UN Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO)
- Gordon, Joy, "Cool War",
Harper's Magazine, (November 2002).
- Akunjee, Muhammed and Asif Ali, "Healthcare
under Sanctions in Iraq", Medicine, Conflict and Survival,
Issue 18.3 (2002). Description of the experience of two medical students
who spent an elective year in Iraq.
- The 27 May 2000 issue of the British medical journal, The
Lancet, contains three articles on Iraq. To view these or
follow the links here requires registration with The Lancet,
which can be done by following the link above.
- Daponte, Beth Osborne and Richard Garfield, "A Case Study of
the Impact of Sanctions on the Health of Civilians: Sanctions against
Iraq prior to the 1991 Persian Gulf War", American
Journal of Public Health vol.90 (April 2000), pp. 546-552. An
abstract of this article is available here.
- Baram, Amatzia, "The Effect
of Iraqi Sanctions: Statistical Pitfalls and Responsibility", from
Middle East Journal,
vol.54:2 (Spring 2000), pp.194-223.
- The International Committee of the
Red Cross (ICRC),
Special report: Iraq: a decade of sanctions (14 December
1999).
- Garfield, Richard (Professor of Epidemiology at Columbia University):
- McHugh, Gerard, "Improving the Humanitarian
Situation in Iraq: Establishing a "Cash Component" to Enhance the Provisions
of Security Council Resolution 986" (30 September 1999).
- The Security Council's Humanitarian Panel
report (S/1999/356 Annex II) (30 March 1999).
- Sikora, Karol (head of the WHO Cancer Programme), "Cancer
services are suffering in Iraq", from The
British Medical Journal, 318:203 (16 January 1999).
- Halliday, Denis J., "The Impact of the UN Sanctions on the
People of Iraq", Journal of Palestine Studies, vol.28:2 (Winter
1999), pp.29-37. An abstract of this article is available here.
- UN World Food Programme (WFP)
- Protracted
Relief and Recovery Operations - Iraq, 21 December 1998.
Details the WFP plan to provide nutritional supplements to over
one million of the most vulnerable Iraqis (malnourished children
and their families and those in hospitals and other institutions).
It identifies the "massive deterioration" of infrastructure as the
main reason for continuing nutritional problems.
- Further WFP sources are linked to by CASI from here.
- Buck, Lori, Nicole Gallant and Kim Richard Nossal, "Sanctions
as a gendered instrument of statecraft: the case of Iraq", Review
of International Studies, vol.24 (1998), pp.69-84
Uses secondary data to assess the differential impact of economic sanctions
on women in Iraq.
- Barnouti, Hazim Naif, "Letter
from Iraq: Effect of sanctions on surgical practice", British
Medical Journal, 313 (7 Dec 1996), 1474-5
The author, an assistant professor of surgery at the Al-Mustansyriya
Medical School, Baghdad, describes the severe effects of shortages of
drugs and other medical supplies on surgical operations and staff morale.
- Series of articles in the British medical journal, The Lancet,
in 1995-early 1996:
- Zaidi, S. and M. Fawzi, "Health of Baghdad's Children",
The Lancet, 346 (2 Dec 1995), 1485.
FAO researchers give details of the 1995 FAO survey of nutritional
status and mortality among under-5s in Baghdad. They found "a strong
association between economic sanctions and increase in child mortality
and malnutrition rates" and estimated that between 1990 and 1995,
567,000 children have died because of sanctions. The methodology
for this survey has since been seriously questioned, including by
Zaidi herself (in a letter to The Lancet in 1997). The editorial
in this issue calls for the collation and publication of a dossier
of all assessments of health in Iraq. Both works are reprinted by
the IAC here.
- Various responses in The Lancet 347 (20 Jan 1996), 198-200.
The response to the Zaidi-Fawzi letter, including a discussion of
the results with a reply from the authors; a report by Omar A Obeid
and Abdul-Hussein Al-Hadi on their own research into nutritional
status of under-twos in Baghdad; a Japanese perspective pointing
out that the huge reparations Germany had to pay after the First
World War triggered Hitler's rise, whereas the generous treatment
of Japan after WW2 led it to accept democracy; and two letters arguing
that the Iraqi regime is to blame for any humanitarian crisis.
- Al-Farekh, M. "A physician's eyewitness report in Iraq"
[letter], The Lancet 345 (13 May 1995), 1242
The author, who visited seven medical centres throughout Iraq, describes
the shortage of very basic medical supplies and the resultant deterioration
of medical care that he saw.
- Daponte, Beth Osborne, "A
Case Study in Estimating Casualties from War and Its Aftermath: The
1991 Persian Gulf War", Physicians for Social Responsibility
Quarterly, 3/2 (1993), 57-66
A demographic analysis of excess deaths from direct or indirect effects
of the 1991 Gulf war or from postwar violence. The approximate total
is 205,500, of which 111,000 are attributable to postwar adverse health
effects.
- Dreze, Jean and Haris Gazdar, "Hunger and Poverty in Iraq,
1991", World Development, 20(7) (1992), 921-945
The report of the economists on the International Study Team. They praise
the Iraqi distribution system as equitable and efficient but note that
Iraq's dependence on imports left it unable to prevent famine conditions
during the bombing and considerable hardship subsequently.
- The Harvard Study Team, "The effect of the Gulf crisis on
the children of Iraq", New England Journal of Medicine, 325 (1991),
977-980
Doctors and public health specialists reporting on damage done to Iraq's
health infrastructure as a result of the Gulf conflict. Destruction
of infrastructure has caused the effects of bombing to be devastating.
- International Study Team, "Health and Welfare
in Iraq after the Gulf Crisis: An In-Depth Assessment from October,
1991" (1991)
The report of the first large independent and interdisciplinary mission
(87 researchers) to Iraq; they are funded by Unicef, the MacArthur Foundation,
the John Merck Fund and Oxfam-UK. Their report ranges from mortality
and nutrition to child psychology and interviews with women.
The Iraqi Economy
- 'Abu Spinoza' (Abu Spinoza is a pseudonym for an economist),
Down
and Out in Baghdad and Basra, A Simple Model and the Empirics
of Subsistence and Stagnation (March 2003)
- Fawcett, John and Victor Tanner, "The
Internally Displaced People of Iraq", Brookings Institution
- SAIS Project on Internal Displacement, (October 2002).
- Jiyad, Ahmad M., "An economy in a debt trap: Iraqi debt 1980-2020",
Arab Studies Quarterly, 23/4 (Fall 2001), pp.15-58.
- Alkadiri, Raad, "The
Iraqi Klondike Oil and Regional Trade", Middle East Report,
220 (Fall 2001).
- Alnasrawi, Abbas (Professor of Economics at the University
of Vermont)
- "Oil, Sanctions, Debt and the Future"
(March 2001).
- "Iraq: economic sanctions and consequences, 1990-2000", Third
World Quarterly, vol.22:2 (2001), pp.205-18.
- "Iraq: economic embargo and predatory
rule", in E.W. Nafziger, F. Stewart and R.Väyrynen, eds.,
War, Hunger,
and Displacement: The Origins of Humanitarian Emergencies. Volume
2 (Oxford University Press, 2000), pp.89-119.
Contains a detailed analysis of the effects on Iraq's economy of
war, misrule and economic sanctions.
- The Economy of Iraq: Oil, Wars, Destruction of Development
and Prospects, 1950-2010 (Westport, Conn.: 1994)
In 1979, Iraq's per capita GDP was $4219. In 1993 it was only $485,
comparable to 1940s levels. Alnasrawi explores the causes of this
'nullification of nearly half a century of growth', tracing Iraq's
economic development and the damage done to it by the two Gulf Wars
and subsequent economic sanctions. His view of Iraq's future prospects
is bleak.
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- Mahdi, Kamil, "Rehabilitation Prospects
for the Iraqi Economy", from The International Spectator
(Journal of Istituto Affari Internazionali, Rome), vol.33 (June 1998).
- Boone, Peter, Haris Gazdar and Athar Hussain, Sanctions against
Iraq: Costs of Failure, Center for Economic and Social Rights (November
1997)
Reports on the 1996 trip by economists from the London School of Economics
to Iraq. Focuses on macroeconomic impact, wages, and the government's
rationing system, which they claim has prevented mass starvation. Briefly
reviews the oil-for-food programme and the possible alternatives to
sanctions, criticising the reasons given by the US and UK for continuing
with a programme of comprehensive sanctions.
- Report submitted by the
Iraqi government to the United Nations Secretary-General, on Iraq’s
economic situation (29 April 1991).
It asks for a moratorium of "at least five years" before reparations
required under section E of UNSCR 687
(1991) begin to be deducted from Iraq’s oil revenues.
- Economist Intelligence Unit publications.
The EIU issues several publications on the economic and political situation
in Iraq, among them the Country Profile (yearly), Country Report (quarterly),
Country Risk Service (quarterly) and Country Forecasts (twice yearly
with updater in each intervening quarter). They provide economic analysis
and discussion of the political scene both domestically and internationally.
This includes assessment of the impact of sanctions. The Country Forecast
also makes a five-year macroeconomic projection.
The Debate over "Smart sanctions"
- "Making Targeted Sanctions
Effective: Guidelines for the implementation of UN Policy Options",
final report of the 'Stockholm Process' on the
implementation of targeted sanctions, (14 February 2003).
- See CASI's guide to "smart
sanctions".
- Statement by Save the
Children UK on Sanctions against Iraq (May 2002).
- Sarah Graham-Brown,
Sanctions Renewed on Iraq, MERIP Press Information Note 96 (14 May
2002).
- Security
Council Resolution 1409 (14 May 2002) - the text of the new
resolution and the procedures for the operation of the new "Goods
Review List".
The UN News Centre report on the resolution is here.
See also CASI's press release
in response to the resolution.
- The Interlaken Process is the name for an ongoing discussion
on "smart sanctions" administered by the Swiss State Secretariat
for Economic Affairs. The website of Smart
Sanctions is dedicated to this purpose. The site also contains details
of the Expert Seminars of March
1998 and March
1999 on Targeting UN Financial Sanctions. A manual for the design
and implementation of targeted financial sanctions (originating from
a July 2001 conference) is available here.
- A full index of the proposals that arose out of the debate at the
Security Council from May 2001 was compiled by CASI and is available
here.
- Rowat, Colin.
- Bennis, Phyllis, "On the
New Sanctions Proposals", from the Transnational Institute website
(29 June 2001).
- Lynch, Marc, "Smart
Sanctions: Rebuilding Consensus or Maintaining Conflict?", currently
on the CASI Discussion List Archive (28 June 2001).
- Hildebrand, Dale (Director of Inter-Church Action, Canada),
"The New 'Smart' Sanctions on Iraq:
a Commentary" (8 June 2001).
- The Fourth Freedom Forum,
Smart
Sanctions: Restructuring UN Policy in Iraq (March 2001).
- Porteous, Samuel D., "Financial Sanctions:
A Better Way to Target Rogue Regimes", from Backgrounder
(7 December 2000), a publication of the C.D.Howe
Institute (a Canadian centre-right think tank).
- Bruderlein, Claude, The
UN Security Council at the Crossroads: Toward More Humane and Better
Targeted Sanctions, Harvard
Center for Population and Development Studies (20 November 1999).
- Van Brabant, Koenraad (ed.), Can sanctions
be smarter? The Current Debate (May 1999)
Report on a conference held in London, 16-17 December 1998, under the
auspices of the UK Government Department for International Development.
Concerns the ways in which sanctions could be made more effective and
more humane through better targeting. The report acknowledges that sanctions
have had a devastating social impact upon Iraq and Haiti. A summary
of the conference can be found here.
An extensive annotated bibliography
is also included, but includes few works on the social or humanitarian
impact of sanctions.
The Oil-for-Food Programme
- The Reports of the UN Secretary-General on the Oil-for-Food Programme
are linked to by CASI from here.
- The procedures of the Sanctions
Committee (the "661 committee") from August 1996 with
regard to implementing the import and export arrangements of the oil
for food programme.
- McHugh, Gerard (researcher and consultant for governments and
international organisations; formerly a Research Fellow at MIT's
Center for International
Studies):
Security Council policy on Iraq and the Sanctions Committee
- The Resolutions and key documents of the UN Security Council
are linked to by CASI from here.
- UN 661 Committee
revealed: a useful overview from UncoverIraq.com, which also hosts
the Contract Report released by the UN Office of the Iraq Programme,
seemingly accidentally.
- Proposals from France (21 June
2002) and the UK (11 July 2002) for Iraqi
oil pricing, attempting to arrest the decline in Iraqi oil exports.
- Conlon, Paul, United Nations Sanctions Management : A Case Study
of the Iraq Sanctions Committee, 1990-1994 (Transnational Publishers,
2000).
The author, a former deputy-secretary to the sanctions committee, provides
a grim picture of its functioning in its early years.
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- McHugh, Gerard (researcher and consultant for governments and
international organisations; formerly a Research Fellow at MIT's
Center for International
Studies):
- Stremlau, John, "Sharpening
International Sanctions: Toward a Stronger Role for the United Nations"
(November 1996). A report for the Carnegie
Commission on Preventing Deadly Conflict.
The International Law of Sanctions
- International Humanitarian Law Research Initiative: Monitoring
IHL in Iraq
- International Federation of Human
Rights League report, "Sanctions
Against Iraq and Human Rights: a devastating, misguided, intolerable
method: A Legal Analysis", (March 2002).
- Gordon, Joy, "When Intent Makes All the Difference in
the World: Economic Sanctions on Iraq and the Accusation of Genocide",
Yale Human Rights & Development Law Journal (2002) vol. 5 (PDF
or MSWord).
- Kondoch, Boris, "
The Limits of Economic Sanctions under International Law: The Case of
Iraq " International
Peacekeeping Volume 7 (2001), 267-94.
- Gowlland-Debbas, Vera et al., United Nations Sanctions and International
Law (The Hague: Kluwer Law International, 2001).
Further information and an order form can be found here.
- The Human Rights Impact of Economic Sanctions
on Iraq: Background paper prepared by the Office
of the High Commissioner for Human Rights for the meeting of the
Executive Committee on Humanitarian Affairs (5 September 2000).
- The adverse consequences of economic sanctions on the enjoyment of
human rights (PDF
or MSWord),
working paper by Marc Bossuyt, expert of the Sub-Commission
on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights (21 June 2000).
- Bruderlein, Claude, "The
UN Security Council at the Crossroads: Toward More Humane and Better
Targeted Sanctions", Harvard
Center for Population and Development Studies (20 November 1999).
- Van Genugten W.J.M. and de Groot, G.A. (eds), United Nations
Sanctions: Effectiveness and Effects, especially in the field of Human
Rights, a Multi-disciplinary Approach (Oxford: INTERSENTIA, 1999).
Information about this publication can be found here.
- Simons, Geoffrey Leslie. Imposing economic sanctions: legal
remedy or genocidal tool? (London: Pluto Press, 1999)
A review of the misuse of economic sanctions worldwide, but with particular
emphasis on Iraq, making the case that sanctions on Iraq constitute
genocide.
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- Davidsson, Elias, The
Economic Sanctions Against the People of Iraq: Consequences and Legal
Findings (November 1998).
- Reisman, W. Michael, and Stevick, D.L., "The Applicability
of International Law Standards to United Nations Economic Sanctions
Programmes", European Journal of International Law 9 (1998),
pp.86-141.
- The Committee on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights, "General
Comment No. 8: The relationship between economic sanctions and respect
for economic, social and cultural rights" (UN Doc. E/C.12/1997/8,
5 December 1997); see also comments
of the seventeenth session, which adopted it.
- Hull, Richard E, Imposing
International Sanctions: Legal Aspects and Enforcement by the Military
(National Defense University Press, March 1997)
- Center for Economic and Social Rights
(CESR), UNsanctioned
suffering: a human rights assessment of the United Nations sanctions
on Iraq (May 1996).
- Normand, Roger, "Iraqi Sanctions,
Human Rights and Humanitarian Law", Middle
East Report, Summer 1996.
- Provost, R., "Starvation as a weapon: legal implications of
the United Nations food blockade against Iraq and Kuwait", Columbia
Journal of Transnational Law, vol.30:3 (1992), pp.577-639.
Modern Iraqi history and politics
- Graham-Brown, Sarah and Christ Toensing., "Why
Another War? A Backgrounder on the Iraq Crisis". Middle East
Research and Information Project (MERIP).
22 October 2002.
- Jabar, Faleh A., Ayatollahs, Sufis and Ideologues: State and
Religion in Iraq (Saqi Books, 2001).
- Hiro, Dilip
- Neighbours, Not Friends: Iraq and Iran after the Gulf Wars
(London: Routledge, 2001).
- Desert Shield to Desert Storm: The Second Gulf War (London:
Paladin, 1992).
- The Longest War: the Iran-Iraq military conflict (London
Grafton, 1989).
Accessible descriptive introduction to modern Iraqi history. In the
most recent work, the conflict and mutual deception over the arms inspection
teams are particularly well covered.
- Baram, Amatzia
- Tripp, Charles, A History of Iraq (Cambridge University
Press, 2000).
- Dawisha, Adeed, "'Identity' and Political Survival in Saddam's
Iraq", Middle East Journal, vol.53:4 (Autumn 1999), pp.553-567.
An abstract of this article can be found here.
- Bengio, Ofra, Saddam's Word: Political Discourse in Iraq
(Oxford University Press, 1998)
On the changing political idiom of the Ba'th party, from its emergence
in Iraq to the modern day.
- Makiya, Kanan, Republic of Fear: The Politics of Modern
Iraq (University of California Press, 1998).
- United Nations, The United Nations and the Iraq-Kuwait Conflict
1990-1996 (New York: UN Publications, 1996)
A collection of UN documents relating to the first six years of the
Iraq crisis. Reproduces the reports of Ahtisaari and Sadruddin Aga Khan
in part.
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- Hazelton, Fran (ed.). Iraq Since the Gulf War: prospects for
democracy (London: Zed Books, 1994)
Published for the Committee Against Repression and for Democratic Rights
in Iraq, this book is a collection of articles by prominent opposition
Iraqis on different aspects of Iraq since the Gulf War. Among the relevant
articles are: 'Human Rights, Sanctions and Sovereignty' in which Laith
Kubba argues that sanctions without other measures to topple Saddam
do more harm than good; 'Attitudes to the West, Arabs and Fellow Iraqis'
(Ayad Rahim) which gives a valuable though anecdotal insight into attitudes
and aspirations of ordinary Iraqis; and an article by Abbas Alnasrawi
on the Iraqi economy.
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- Freedman, Lawrence and Efraim Karsh, The Gulf Conflict, 1990
- 1991: Diplomacy and War in the New World Order (Princeton University
Press, 1995)
Account of the Gulf War most highly regarded by those with British Foreign
Office experience.
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- Nakash, Yitzhak, The Shi'is of Iraq (Princeton
University Press, 1994).
- Bloom, Saul et al. (ed.), Hidden casualties: environmental,
health and political consequences of the Persian Gulf War (London:
Earthscan, 1994)
A series of analyses from biologists, physicians, atmospheric scientists,
demographers and lawyers on the effects of the war.
- Human Rights Watch, Needless
Deaths in the Gulf War: Civilian Casualties During the Air Campaign
and Violations of the Laws of War (Yale University Press, 1991)
Analyses of the general use and other applications of economic sanctions
- Niblock, Tim, "Pariah states" & sanctions in the Middle East:
Iraq, Libya, Sudan (Boulder, Co.: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2001).
Professor Niblock argues that economic sanctions do not enhance
the stability of the international order when applied over a prolonged
period. He also reviews in detail the social, economic and political
impact of sanctions upon Iraq. A table of contents can be found here.
Tim Niblock's presentation to CASI's conference of March 2001 can be
heard here.
- Hufbauer, Gary Clyde; Kimberly Ann Elliott and Jeffrey J. Schott,
Economic Sanctions Reconsidered (3rd edn, 2001)
- Cortright, David and George A. Lopez, The Sanctions Decade:
Assessing UN Strategies in the 1990s (Lynne Rienner Publishers,
2000)
Prepared for a
Security Council review of sanctions in the 1990s.
Listen to David Malone, the president of the International
Peace Academy, which prepared the book, interviewed on Canadian
radio about UN sanctions (interview starts 13:32 min. into the recording)
(17 April 2000).
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Freedom Forum
- Machel, Graça
- Drezner, Daniel W. The Sanctions Paradox : Economic Statecraft
and International Relations, (Cambridge University Press, 1999)
Describes the paradox of sanctions: those most likely to be the targets
of sanctions (dictators) are those least likely to feel their consequences,
which are most acutely felt by the civilian population.
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- Mueller, John and Karl Mueller, "Sanctions of Mass Destruction",
Foreign Affairs, vol.78:3 (May/June 1999), pp.43-53. Excerpts
from this article are reprinted here.
- Crawford, Neta C. and Audie Klotz (eds.), How Sanctions Work:
Lessons from South Africa (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1999)
A series of articles analysing how effective different parts of the
economic embargo on South Africa were.
- Gordon, Joy, "A Peaceful, Silent, Deadly Remedy: The Ethics
of Economic Sanctions", Ethics & International Affairs,
vol.13 (1999), pp.123ff.
- Winkler, A., "Just Sanctions", Human Rights Quarterly,
21 (1999), pp.133-155.
- Hoskins, Eric, "The Impact
of Sanctions: A Study of UNICEF Perspectives" (February 1998)
- Pape, Robert A.
- Why Economic Sanctions Do Not Work, International
Security, vol.22:2 (Fall 1997), pp.90-136. Abstract available
here.
- Why Economic Sanctions Still Do Not Work, International
Security, vol.23:1 (Summer 1998), pp.66-77. Abstract available
here.
- Doxey, Margaret P, International sanctions in comparative perspective,
2nd edn (Basingstoke: Macmillan 1996)
Provides a valuable theoretical and comparative background to the Iraqi
sanctions as well as extensive treatment of the Iraqi case itself.
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US policy towards Iraq since 1991
- Simons, Geoff, Targeting Iraq: Sanctions and Bombing in
US Policy (London: Saqi Books, 2002).
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- Zunes, Stephen, "Foreign policy by catharsis: the failure of
US policy toward Iraq", Arab Studies Quarterly, 23/4 (Fall 2001),
pp.69-86.
- Porter, Edward D., U.S.
Energy Policy, Economic Sanctions and World Oil Supply. Published
by the American Petroleum Institute
(June 2001).
Includes the assessment that if US sanctions policy is judged in terms
of its "explaining the explicit goals of the sanction, the legal or
political authority under which it is undertaken, the expected impact
on the target, retaliatory steps that might be taken by the target or
third parties, the potential humanitarian consequences, the expected
costs to the U.S., the prospects for enforcement, the expected degree
of international support, and an exit strategy, including the criteria
for lifting the sanction", policy towards Iraq "could not survive the
scrutiny" (p.24-25).
- Bennis, Phyllis, Various published articles analysing US policy
towards Iraq are compiled in this
list of the Transnational Institute.
- Drake, Laura, "Why the World is Blaming the U.S. for Iraqi
Suffering", Middle
East Insight, vol.16:3 (June-July 2001), pp.6-10. Table of contents
here.
- Foreign Policy in Focus, The
Failure of U.S. Policy Toward Iraq and Proposed Alternatives, a
position paper prepared by Phyllis Bennis, Stephen Zunes, and Martha
Honey (June 2001).
- Byman, Daniel, "After
the Storm: U.S. Policy Toward Iraq Since 1991", Political Science
Quarterly, vol.115:4 (Winter 2000-1), pp.493-516.
- Tarzi, Amin, "Contradictions
In U.S. Policy on Iraq and its Consequences", MERIA Journal,
vol.4:1 (March 2000).
- Emami, Mohammad Ali, "A Review of U.S. Policies on Iraq", Iranian
Journal Of International Affairs, vol.11:1 (Spring 1999), pp.6-39.
- See also CASI's index of documents from the
US government.
Iraq's relations with other States since 1991
- Herring, Eric, "Between
Iraq and a Hard Place: A Critique of the British Government's Case for
UN Economic Sanctions", Review of International Studies,
28/1 (January 2002), pp.39-56.
- Ismael, Tareq Y. and Andrej Kreutz, "Russian-Iraq relations:
a historical and political analysis", Arab Studies Quarterly,
23/4 (Fall 2001), pp.87-115.
- Sakai, Keiko, "Japan-Iraq relations: the perception gap and
its influence on diplomatic policies", Arab Studies Quarterly,
23/4 (Fall 2001), pp.117-36.
- Rubin, Barry, "China's
Middle East Strategy", MERIA Journal, vol.3:1 (March 1999).
Contains a useful section on China's changing position on Iraq and sanctions.
- Wood, Pia Christina, "Chirac's 'New Arab Policy' and Middle
East Challenges: The Arab-Israeli Conflict, Iraq and Iran", Middle
East Journal, vol.52:4 (Autumn 1998), pp.563-580. Abstract available
here.
- Bengio, Ofra, "Crossing
The Rubicon?: Iraq and the Arab-Israeli Peace Process", MERIA
Journal, vol.2:1 (March 1998).
- See also CASI's index of documents by governments
on Iraq.
The Iraqi military and disarmament
- "Claims and
evaluations of Iraq's proscribed weapons", an inventory of
and critical analysis of the claims made about the Iraq's prohibited
weapons and programmes.
- Inspections
in Iraq: a primer. Contains links to a number of articles on the
inspections process in the 1990s.
- Conflict in Iraq: Concerns and
Consequences, a project which 'aims to contribute to international
consideration of the political, military and economic dynamics around
the current conflict between Iraq and the US and its allies.'
- International Crisis Group Report, " Arming
Saddam: the Yugoslav Connection ".
- October 1998 Washington Post Article, "Arms
Inspectors 'Shake the Tree'", reporting experiences of former
UNSCOM inspectors.
- The Stockholm
International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) collection of
its published material on the disarmament of Iraq's non-conventional
weapons, from 1992 to 2002 (pdf version here).
Material includes SIPRI Yearbook chapters, appendices on Unscom and
Unmovic, a chapter on chemical weapons destruction in Iraq, a list of
all the Unscom inspections and contains two tables detailing the discrepancies
between Iraq's declarations and the Unscom findings. Original Yearbook
materials are available from this
page.
- The Wisconsin Project on Nuclear Arms Control has a comprehensive
site called Iraq Watch devoted
to monitoring Iraq's progress in building weapons of mass destruction.
This site also contains a full
listing of UN documents on Iraqi armaments and disarmament.
- GlobalSecurity.org
has an "Iraq
Special Weapons Guide".
- The Center for Nonproliferation Studies at Monterey Institute
of International Studies has an Iraq
Special Collection containing key documents from, and analyses of,
UNSCOM (last updated in 1999).
- The Nuclear Control Institute
in Washington, D.C., has a section entitled "Saddam
and the bomb".
- Federation
of American Scientists: contains detailed military analysis
of Iraq
- Jane's Information Group
occasionally has military-related articles on Iraq, such as Suffering
Saddam?, from Jane's
Sentinel (10 August 2000).
- James A. Russell, "WMD
Proliferation and Conventional Counterforce: The Case of Iraq"
(Center for Contemporary Conflict, 3 July 2002).
- "Inspections
in Iraq" (2 May 2002): transcript of a symposium of the Council
on Foreign Relations. Speakers are Charles Duelfer, Khidir Hamza,
and Richard Spertzel.
- Albright, David (President of the Institute for Science and
International Security, former IAEA inspector in Iraq)
- Wallace, Terry, "Did
Iraq test a Nuclear Weapon in 1989?": response to Sunday Times
article of 25 February 2001, which gave a positive answer to the question;
Wallace concludes that the evidence "strongly indicates" a
negative answer.
- Cortright, David and George A. Lopez, "The
Limits of Coercion", Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, Vol.
56:6 (Nov/Dec 2000), pp. 18-20. Summary of the effective parts of UNSCOM's
work and the actions by the US administration to undermine it.
- Cordesman, Anthony H.:
- Blix, Hans: Anticipating
Inspections: UNMOVIC Readies Itself for Iraq, interview with Blix,
the Unmovic Executive Chairman, in Arms
Control Today (July/August 2000).
- Ritter, Scott:
- Butler, Richard, The Greatest Threat: Iraq, Weapons of
Mass Destruction and the Growing Crisis in Global Security (PublicAffairs,
2000).
- Hamza, Khidhir (Hamzah, Khidr Abd Al-Abbas:
- Saddam's Bombmaker: The Terrifying Inside Story of the Iraqi
Nuclear and Biological Weapons Agenda (Scribner, 2000)
- "Inside
Saddam's secret nuclear program", Bulletin of the Atomic
Scientists (Sept / Oct 1998).
- Malone, David (President of the
International Peace Academy), "Goodbye
UNSCOM: a Sorry Tale in US-UN Relations", originally published in
Security
Dialogue, vol.30:4 (December 1999).
- Venter, Al J., "New-Era Threat: Iraq's Biological Weapons",
Middle East Policy, Vol.6:4 (June 1999), pp.104-117.
- PBS Broadcasting, Spying
on Saddam. An extensive site providing background to a programme,
and including interviews with many of the inspectors (broadcast on 27
April 1999).
- Trevan, Tim, Saddam's Secrets: The Hunt for Iraq's Hidden
Weapons (HarperCollins, 1999). (Out of print).
- Mylroie, Laurie, "Iraq's
Weapons Of Mass Destruction and the 1997 Gulf Crisis", MERIA
Journal, vol.1:4 (December 1997).
- Phythian, Mark and Nikos Passas, Arming Iraq: How the
US and Britain Secretly Built Saddam's War Machine (Northeastern
University Press, 1996).
- Further links to CASI's index of key documents from the UN
Monitoring, Verification and Inspection Commission (Unmovic), the
UN Special Commission (Unscom) and the International
Atomic Energy Agency.
The Iraqi opposition movements and the Kurdish region
- "Clandestine
Radio in Iraq".
- "The
Day After: Planning for a Post-Saddam Iraq", transcripts
from an Iraq conference of the American Enterprise Institute.
- "Analysis:
Iraq After Saddam Hussein", transcript of NPR interviews
with Phebe Marr, Kanan Makiya, David Henderson and others (19 August
2002).
- Zanger, Maggy, "The
US and the Kurds of Iraq: A Bitter History", MERIP Press Information
Note 104 (9 August 2002).
- "Declaration of the Shia
of Iraq" - a document, calling for non-sectarianism, democracy
and federalism, produced after extensive consultations in 2001-02.
- "Iraq's
Kurds: Key to Stability in Iraq" - partial transcript of
the Panel of Iraqi Opposition Leaders's Conference (8 June 2002), hosted
at The Center for Global Peace at the American University, Washington
DC.
- Save the Children (UK) report: "Understanding
Kurdish Livelihoods in Northern Iraq" (February 2002). The
accompanying press
release is from 4 February 2002.
- Jabar, Faleh A., "Assessing the Iraqi
Opposition", MERIP Press Information Note 51 (23 March 2001).
- Khafaji, Isam al-, "Almost Unnoticed:
Interventions and Rivalries in Iraqi Kurdistan", MERIP Press Information
Note 44 (24 January 2001).
- Gunter, Michael M., The Kurdish Predicament in Iraq: A Political
Analysis (Palgrave, 1999).
- Freij, Hanna Yousif, "Alliance Patterns of a Secessionist Movement:
The Kurdish Nationalist Movement in Iraq", Journal Of Muslim Minority
Affairs, vol.18:1 (April 1998), pp.19-39.
- See also CASI's index of opposition
and minority rights groups.
Depleted Uranium Poisoning and "Gulf War Syndrome"
- Depleted
uranium: sources, exposure and health effects, report by the World
Health Organization dated April 2001. Related and subsequent press releases
are here: 1,
2,
3,
4-5.
- Special Oversight Board for
Department of Defense Investigations of Gulf War Chemical and Biological
Incidents - final
report published December 2000
- Gulf War Illness
Studies at RAND. This site also
contains an extensive "Review
of the Scientific Literature as it Pertains to Gulf War Illnesses"
from December 2000.
- Research
on Gulf War-Associated Neurologic Illness By the Division of Epidemiology,
UT Southwestern Medical Center
- "Gulf War and Health: Volume 1. Depleted Uranium, Sarin, Pyridostigmine
Bromide, and Vaccines", Institute
of Medicine of the National
Academy of Sciences:
- Press
release on the results of the Gulf War Illnesses Research Unit at
King's College, London (18 May 2000).
- Fetter, Steve and Frank N. von Hippel, "The
Hazard Posed by Depleted Uranium Munitions", from Science &
Global Security, 1999, Volume 8:2, pp.125-161. Other papers by Steve
Fetter, many related to DU, are listed here.
- The
Chugoku Shibun Newspaper, Hiroshima, Japan's website about DU (in
English)
- Stott, Robin and Douglas Holdstock (Medact), "WHO
should undertake full inquiry into Gulf war illness", from The British Medical Journal,
318:1422 (22 May 1999).
- Peterson, Scott, "The
Trail of a Bullet", from Christian
Science Monitor (29 April 1999).
- Report
from December 2-3, 1998 depleted uranium conference in Baghdad.
- Mesler, Bill:
Assessments on the economic and humanitarian consequences of war
Information sources on this topic have been moved to a separate
page
Polls of Public Opinion in post-war Iraq
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